@article{oai:soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp:00011850,
 author = {Kato,  Makoto and Kakutani,  Takehiko and Inoue,  Tamiji and Itino,  Takao},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {In 1984-1987 insect visitors to flowers were monthly or bimonthly surveyed on 91 plant species or 37 families in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto, Japan. Flowering season was 186 days from late April to early October. The number of plant species that concurrently bloomed was four to 11 species from May to mid August and it increased up to 19 in late August. The mean flowering period of a single plant species was 16 days. From April to August flowering periods were staggered among congeneric plant species, e. g., Rubus, Hydrangea and Rhus. A total of 2459 individuals of 715 species in 11 orders of Insecta and two orders of Arachnoidea were collected. The most abundant order was Hymenoptera (39 % of individuals) and followed by Diptera (35 %) and Coleoptera (17 %). The number of species was highest in Diptera (41 %) and followed by Hymenoptera (26 %) and Coleoptera (19 %). The numbers of both species and individuals peaked in May and then gradually decreased in summer and autumn. There were six families, 13 genera and 66 species in Apoidea. Andrenidae and Halictidae were rich in the number of species. They were abundant in June and July but greatly decreased afterward. Apidae were abundant throughout the flowering season. Cluster analysis separated 37 plant families into four groups: 16 families were mainly visited by Hymenoptera, four by Diptera, and two by Coleoptera. The other 15 families were visited by various insect groups. Flowers mainly visited by bees were further separated into Bombinae-, Xylocopinae-, Apinae-, Andrenidae-dominated plant families. Flower preference was compared amohg insect orders and among families. The most preferred plant family was Saxifragaceae in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and it was Umbelliferae in Hemiptera and Diptera. Cerambycidae, Halictidae and Andrenidae preferred Saxifragaceae. Syrphidae and Colletidae preferred Umbelliferae, Xylocopinae and Nomadinae preferred Violaceae, Bombinae preferred Compositae and Apinae preferred Labiatae., Article, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University. 27(4): 309-375(1990)},
 pages = {309--375},
 title = {Insect-flower relationship in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits},
 volume = {27},
 year = {1990}
}