@article{oai:soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp:00013424,
 author = {Yamanaka,  Shigeru and Sato,  Kanna and Ito,  Fuyu and Komatsubara,  Satoshi and Ohata,  Hiroshi and Yoshino,  Katsumi},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {This research deals with detailed analyses of silica and lignin distribution in horsetail with special reference to mechanical strength. Scanning electron images of a cross-section of an internode showed silica deposited densely only around the outer epidermis. Detailed histochemical analyses of lignin showed no lignin deposition in the silica-rich outer internodes of horsetail, while a characteristic lignin deposition was noticed in the vascular bundle in inner side of internodes. To analyze the structure of horsetail from a mechanical viewpoint, we calculated the response of a model structure of horsetail to a mechanical force applied perpendicularly to the long axis by a finite element method. We found that silica distributed in the outer epidermis may play the major structural role, with lignin's role being limited ensuring that the vascular bundle keep waterproof. These results were in contrast to more modern tall trees like gymnosperms, for which lignin provides mechanical strength. Lignin has the advantage of sticking to cellulose, hemicellulose, and other materials. Such properties make it possible for plants containing lignin to branch. Branching of tree stems aids in competing for light and other atmospheric resources. This type of branching was impossible for ancient horsetails, which relied on the physical properties of silica. From the evolutional view points, over millennia in trees with high lignin content, true branching, and many chlorophyll-containing leaves developed. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3688253], Article, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS. 111(4):044703 (2012)},
 title = {Roles of silica and lignin in horsetail (Equisetum hyemale), with special reference to mechanical properties},
 volume = {111},
 year = {2012}
}