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The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u0027s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}]}, "item_6_select_64": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u7248\u30d5\u30e9\u30b0", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_select_item": "publisher"}]}, "item_6_source_id_35": {"attribute_name": "ISSN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "2045-2322", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_6_source_id_39": {"attribute_name": "NII ISSN", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_source_identifier": "2045-2322", "subitem_source_identifier_type": "ISSN"}]}, "item_6_text_70": {"attribute_name": "wosonly keywords", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_text_value": "LIFE-SPAN; DIMORPHISM; SELECTION; PRIMATES; SIZE; AGE"}]}, "item_6_textarea_68": {"attribute_name": "wosonly abstract", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_textarea_value": "Many sexual differences are known in human and animals. It is well known that females are superior in longevity, while males in athletic performances. Even though some sexual differences are attributed to the evolutionary tradeoff between survival and reproduction, the aforementioned sex differences are difficult to explain by this tradeoff. Here we show that the evolutionary tradeoff occurs among three components: (1) viability, (2) competitive ability and (3) reproductive effort. The sexual differences in longevity and athletic performances are attributed to the tradeoff between viability (survival) and competitive ability that belongs to the physical makeup of an individual, but not related to the tradeoff between survival and reproduction. 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